Weininger, Otto

Sex And Character: An Investigation Of Fundamental Principles

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Mysterious Work by Mysterious Author
Instruction Manual For Bigots & Misogynists
A classic of early 20th century misogyny
The Truth Hurts
Brilliant translation of a brilliant book

Sex And Character: An Investigation Of Fundamental Principles
Otto Weininger , Ladislaus Lob , Daniel Steuer , and Laura Marcus
Manufacturer: Indiana University Press
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover

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Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War

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Book Description

A CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title for 2005

From CHOICE
"This long-awaited new translation of Austrian thinker Otto Weininger's masterwork...is simply splendid. Accurate, graceful, and complete--three qualities no other English translation can boast--it is light years beyond all previous translations. Why is this book a big deal, and why should one care about it? For one thing, because it encapsulates Viennese intellectual life around the turn of the 20th century insofar as it reflects the thinking of other intellectuals and artists--Freud, Kraus, and Broch, to mention three. But the more important reason is intrinsic: it raises questions about modernity, race, identity, gender, and fascism, questions that are still at the center of cultural debate. Those interested in European history and thought, cultural and literary studies, and race and gender theory will find this book indispensable. Summing Up: Essential. Upper-division undergraduates through faculty." -- Nov. 2005, M. Uebel, University of Texas

Otto Weininger's controversial book Sex and Character, first published in Vienna in 1903, is a prime example of the conflicting discourses central to its time: antisemitism, scientific racism and biologism, misogyny, the cult and crisis of masculinity, psychological introspection versus empiricism, German idealism, the women's movement and the idea of human emancipation, the quest for sexual liberation, and the debates about homosexuality.

Combining rational reasoning with irrational outbursts, in the context of today's scholarship, Sex and Character speaks to issues of gender, race, cultural identity, the roots of Nazism, and the intellectual history of modernism and modern European culture. This new translation presents, for the first time, the entire text, including Weininger's extensive appendix with amplifications of the text and bibliographical references, in a reliable English translation, together with a substantial introduction that places the book in its cultural and historical context.

Customer Reviews:

Mysterious Work by Mysterious Author.......2006-04-21

I believe that many of the reviews for this book have really missed the point. If you view this book outside its historical context, there is no way by which you will understand it. Indeed, claims towards its misogyny and anti-Semitism must be put into context if we are to understand why it is that this young, sexually-confused, and Jewish man decided to write this seemingly bizarre piece at the turn of the 20th century. In particular, those who have read Michel Foucault's works on sexuality and psychoanalysis will find this work incredibly interesting.

While the work begins with a very modern conceptualization of sex, it reverts back to an extremely misogynistic view later in the book. By this I mean, whereas Weininger points to the fact that terms such as 'male' and 'female' are extremely imprecise, and that every individual fits in between this dichotomy, he later reverts to the opposite position, invoking terms that he himself diagnosed as being absolutes: 'Man', 'Woman', 'Male', and 'Female'. Thus, I believe that the interesting question with this book is the following: why does Weininger both point to a theory of bisexuality early in his work, and stick to an absolute model of sexuality later in the work?

This is very interesting from the point of the history of psychology and sexuality because as several scholars have pointed out, Freud falls into the same trap within his "Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality" in attempting to define masculine and feminine sexual instincts.

Working off the works of Michel Foucault and Arnold Davidson, I believe that these contradictory theories of sexuality point to a fundamental change that was occuring in both the field of psychology and in theories of sexuality during the early 20th century. Previous models of sexuality and sex that relied upon anatomical distinctions began to be turned into functional representations. Thus, in this conceptual framework, sex became an instinct innate to the body, which identified or characterized a type of subject.

Indeed, Weininger argued that the foundation of psychology must move towards interpretation and away from mere sensations or biological specificities, thus placing into question the whole of one's character or personality. Whereas psychiatrists such as M.P. Legrain and Sigmund Freud located individual personalities to a certain extent in the sexual instinct, Weininger goes further to seat this within sex itself.

Towards the end of the book, Weininger goes beyond merely analyzing individual genders, for he applies these archetypal notions of `man' and `woman', or `masculine' and `feminine', to the idea of civilizations and races in later chapters of the book, paying particular attention to Judaism and the Jewish people. In order for this to have made conceptual sense, the concept of sex must have, at the least, broken with a specifically biological model of the sexes. Notions of `male' and `female' had to have become detached from anatomy and, instead, applicable to and determinate of the character of individual societies and classes, to name only a few examples.

In other words, in Weininger's book, one concretely observes the manner in which sex became problematized during the late 19th and early 20th century. Weininger disassociates sex from its biological manifestation and introduces an interprative approach that was to become the hallmark of psychoanlysis. Consequently, I do suggest you read this if you are interested in the history of psychoanalysis and theories of sexuality.

Instruction Manual For Bigots & Misogynists.......2006-03-19

When I saw the glossy reprint/translation of this shamelessly bigoted, anti-woman, white-men-are-superior ejaculation in my local library I wondered why the publisher would have wasted trees and ink on such an effort - but of course, because there is a thriving market for "throw-backs" - humans who glorify old style (read: antiquated) world views as if they were the ancient scripts of ingenious, misunderstood gods. As long as we have these xenophobic, myopia afflicted folk amongst us, I think it is important that the population at large have access to what throw-backs consume as bedtime reading. Take note: racism and sexism are not dead or waning, just some what contained, and people like our dear M. Maguire bellow are just waiting for the more enlightened of us to nod off and stop caring.

Rating - One star because I have little sympathy for people who choose to live in a vacuum and drive themselves psychotic with grandiose excursions into "white man's burden" syndrome.

A classic of early 20th century misogyny.......2006-03-08

In late 19th and early 20th century, misogyny ran rampant. Odd as it may seem, this period may represent the highest point of sexism, chauvinism and misogyny in modern Western culture. It was a period when being a bachelor was part of a proper life. This attitude reached unbeforeseen heights of craziness in such texts as Filippo Tommaso Marinetti's "Futurist Mafarka", a work of fiction where men successfully struggle against "the laws of matter and mechanics" that will end in men giving "supernatural birth", and the writings of some neo-Malthusians who recommended men be breast-fed until they grow breasts themselves, so that they could feed each other.

Probably the most read book of that period is this one: Otto Weiniger's "Sex and Character" - written when he was just 21 years old (he committed suicide just two years later, at 23). By contemporary standards, this book is pretty much a joke, and essentially everything in this book has been discredited scientifically, philosophically, and otherwise. Nevertheless, as usually happens with books that celebrate and justify the bigotry and fanaticism of an age, the book was tremendoulsy popular and influential.

A couple of quotes from the introduction of this book shed light on what this book is about: "The discussions, so much in favour nowadays, concerning the emancipation of women, sexuality, the relation of women to culture, and so forth, are deprived of their data by this publication. /.../ The abnormal type, the hysterical woman, leads up to a masterly psychological (not physiological) theory of hysteria, which is acutely and convincingly defined as "the organic mendacity of woman." /.../ he contrasts with the programme of the modern feminist movement, with its superficialities and its lies."

In his own words: "Where my exposition is anti-feminine,
and that is nearly everywhere..." That his book is devoid of any real scientific proof, even the author himself agrees: "My investigation may be objected to as in certain points not being supported by enough proof, but I see little force in such an objection." "Woman requires man to be sexual, because she only gains existence through his sexuality. Women have no sense of a man's love, as a superior phenomenon..." etc. etc. etc.

Later, the book turns into a run-of-the-mill anti-semitic conspiracy theory, and women (or rather, feminity) are likened to Jews. Plenty of such examples of the worthlessness and bigotry in this book abound, but I hope the above is sufficient to indicate that this book has at best some historical value, while the actual contents are utterly obsolete and laughable.

It is very unfortunate that even today there are people who truly consider this piece of completely obsolete gibberish as some sort of a Great Truth. Recommended for all the misogynic bigots out there.

The Truth Hurts.......2005-09-08

I recently lost my old battered paperback copy of Weininger's "Sex and Character", and to say I was upset is an understatement. So I was delighted to be able to purchase this new version from Amazon, which in hardback form should last a lot longer than my old one. Which is good because this work of philosophy is simply the most important and enlightening material I have ever read and I want it to go with me to my grave. However I do wish that when modern publishers reprint this book that they would refrain from adding their worthless and prejudiced "tuppence worth" in the form of introductions, book-sleeve descriptions etc. They should simply publish Weininger's famous work in its original form without adding anything to it, as they are not qualified to judge the great Man. As Otto clearly mentions in his treatise, instead of rebutting his logical assertions as to the nature of womankind with equally logically derived and intelligent debate, women and the defenders of women (feminine males) simply slander him with the label Misogynist and Anti-semite (even though He was of Jewish origin himself and was therefore better placed than most to understand the mind of the Jew) etc etc, which has the desired effect of immediately stifling any intelligent analysis of his work. It seems people never change. 100 years after his death and what he predicted has come true. Western Society has sunk ever deeper and deeper into a feminine age. Western Society IS feminine: Absolutely material, devoid of a Soul, of any morality or ethics or religiousness. This is NOT because women have become stronger. As Otto clearly shows they are incapable of ever becoming anything other than they are by nature. It is that men have become weaker, less conscious, ie more feminine. Men have descended, thus giving the appearance that women have ascended. Thankyou so much Otto for your invaluable insights that have helped me to understand the nature of Man and especially woman. I suspect that when you wrote your work 100 years ago you knew it could only ever be understood and appreciated by the few rare Men of the World, of which you were one, and you wrote it for them. I owe you a debt of gratitude.
Men (you know who you are), I suggest you get a copy of Otto's timeless work now, before it disappears forever. I am still amazed that it is even available in this backward age of ours.

Brilliant translation of a brilliant book.......2005-06-19

Loeb's translation of Weininger's work is flawless. The finest translation of the finest of works from turn-of-the-century Vienna.

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Letting go of Otto

Sex And Character
Otto Weininger
Manufacturer: Kessinger Publishing, LLC
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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ASIN: 1428600620

Book Description

Sex and Character - with interlinear translation, Otto Weininger, translation: Robert Willis. Through the distinction between the man type and the woman type, the young latter nineteenth-century Viennese thinker Otto Weininger attempts to bring the contrast of transcendent individuality and worldly individualism into sharper relief. Even further, he posits the existence of a deeper psychical realm that surpasses sexuality and gender, and that ultimately would liberate mankind of original sin, returning it to its naive state of innocence. In this undertaking, Weininger uses many philosophical, religious, empirical, aesthetic, literary, and historical references of the past to supplement his own insights. This translation follows the original German verbatim. I have chosen this method in order to retain its German stylistic character as much as possible.

Customer Reviews:

Letting go of Otto.......2006-07-21

I read Otto's Sex and Character years ago and for a long long time agreed with its conclusions about the nature of women wholeheartedly. However I would now like to say that my whole previous belief system that I held for many years about the nature of women, a belief that was confirmed and reinforced by Otto's work, is something that I now have serious doubts about. I now believe I was in a state of delusion all those years, and that all those thoughts, attitudes and assumptions that I held about the nature of women were completely false. Reading this book was not a search for knowledge, but a search for confirmation of my pre-existing misconceptions, from a male mind that could have been even more deluded about the nature of women than my own. Far from enlightening me it only sank me deeper into delusion. I can no longer trust a word or a single conclusion in this book. Actually I'm glad, as my whole attitude toward Women has now done an about turn and is a lot more healthy. I no longer believe Women are "soul-less" as Otto claims, but are spiritually equal to men in every way. Sorry sisters, for my previous delusional and harmful ideas about you. I recently threw this book away, it offers nothing positive, healthy or constructive for the mind.

Your Baby and Child's Growth and Development: Your Guide to Joyful and Confident Parenting (Parent Smart)

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Your Baby and Child's Growth and Development: Your Guide to Joyful and Confident Parenting (Parent Smart)
Penny A. Shore , Penelope Leach , William Sears , Martha Sears , and Otto Weininger
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Teaching Your Child Positive Discipline: Your Guide to Joyful and Confident Parenting (Parent Smart)

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I was disappointed with this book...

Teaching Your Child Positive Discipline: Your Guide to Joyful and Confident Parenting (Parent Smart)
Penny A. Shore , Penelope Leach , William Sears , Martha Sears , and Otto Weininger
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I was disappointed with this book..........2002-03-09

I pre-ordered this book based on the attractive cover and the names on the editorial board. I'm a big Dr. Sears fan and was very excited to see a book on positive discipline endorsed by him that focused on toddlers. Unfortunately, I was disappointed and plan to send it back. There wasn't anything I didn't agree with, but there just wasn't much substance. I typically enjoy workbook style books, but many pages were half-filled with room for notes that appeared to me to be simply filler." I just wanted more. I've since read "Redirecting Children's Behavior," by Kathryn Kvols and found it to be an excellent guide. I'm a Master's level therapist and think the book by Kathryn Kvols will be highly valuable both in my work with kids and families as well as providing me with a solid philosophy and effective techniques for parenting my son now as a young toddler through to the teenage years. Even though I found no fault with the content of this book, (and still love Dr. Sears) I would not recommend this book.

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Otto Weininger: Masculine Form Versus Feminine Matter
Otto Weininger, SEX & CHARACTER

Sex & Character
Otto Weininger
Manufacturer: Howard Fertig
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

The Decline of the West

ASIN: 0865274460
Release Date: 2003-04-01

Customer Reviews:

Otto Weininger: Masculine Form Versus Feminine Matter.......2004-06-17

_Sex and Character_ by Otto Weininger is an interesting, if odd, book on the ontological natures of male and female. Weininger was a Jewish resident of Vienna during the first years of the 20th century (1903) when he wrote this book at the age of 23 and committed suicide shortly thereafter. What makes this book historically significant is that several authors, such as Freud and James Joyce, noted it and drew upon it in their work. Weininger's work was also known and praised (but doubtfully read) by Adolf Hitler. Weininger himself derives his ideas from Plato, Goethe, Kant, and Schopenhauer, resting in the German Idealist tradition. Weininger's basic premise is that the material world is a lower, feminine existence, and the higher world of ideal forms is masculine. He rejects the Darwinian explanation of human origins, noting that mankind has fallen from the state of the "masculine" ideals, such as individuality, worth/value, love and will and opposes them to the organic, "feminine" phenomena like pleasure, sexual desire, limitation of consciousness and impulse. Weininger concludes that women "do not actually exist" in an ontological sense because they belong to matter, which on a philosophic, esoteric level, has absolutely no meaning--only form gives a particle of matter or an idea a meaningful essence as a "thing-of-itself." His book is full of similar misogynist statements and he errs when he says that women do not have souls. He examines the phenomenon of prostitution from an interesting methodology by comparing the ideal "Absolute Mother" with the "Absolute Prostitute." The Mother's function is to perpetuate and care for the race, while the Prostitute is a more subversive character "outside of the race" concerned only with sexual pleasure as an end in itself and not with procreation. The Prostitute is a rationally unexplainable phenomenon amongst mankind something that is universal and whose origins do not necessarily have to do with economic disadvantages on the part of women. Weininger's chapter on Judaism compares the Jewish people as a unit to the feminine impulse of "pairing": that of finding and arranging marriages and sexual unions. The drive to pairing and matchmaking makes the Jews somewhat of a danger to Western (labeled "Aryan") man because it leans toward dissolution rather than construction, and therefore form. There is also a total dichotomy between the cosmological outlooks of Christianity and Judaism and that in the future, according to Weininger, there will be only two choices for mankind, Christianity and Judaism. Although noted for his "anti-Semitic" views, Weininger actually spends much of his book dealing with his philosophy of what constitutes a genius. A genius is a man who has attained a sense of mystical oneness with the universe, being able to place himself in proper perspective with the cosmos and the rest of humanity. For Weininger, genius actualizes itself in the fields of philosophy and art rather than science and mathematics, because philosophy and art deal with universal concepts whereas the sciences concern themselves only with equations and empirical data. The greatest geniuses are the founders of religions such as Christ and the Buddha. Regarding the question of women's emancipation, Weininger says that only the more masculine women are agitating for it as a political and social agenda. The reason that the "feminist" movement has been so successful is simply because so many modern women are in fact simply biologically and spiritually masculine in character (and many men are correspondingly feminine). _Sex and Character_ lacks internal cohesion in some points especially towards his conclusion, but it is altogether a welcome diversion from the PC feminist rhetoric so popular today.

Otto Weininger, SEX & CHARACTER.......2003-07-09

This book is a reprint of the 1906 translation of the first edition of Otto Weininger's Geschlecht und Charakter (1903). Before he died, Weininger made many corrections and improvements which appear in the second and later editions.

The 1906 translation is notoriously inaccurate and incomplete. A proper and complete translation of the second edition is in the final stages of preparation, and will soon be available from the Indiana University Press.

Book Description

In 1903 Otto Weininger, A Viennese Jew who converted to Protestantism, published Geschiecht und Charakter (Sex and Character), a book in which he set out to prove the moral inferiority and character deficiency of "the woman" and "the Jew." Almost immediately, he was acclaimed as a young genius for bringing these two elements together. Shortly thereafter, at the age of twenty-three, Weininger committed suicide in the room where Beethoven had died. Weininger's sensationalized death immortalized him as an intellectual who expressed the abject misogyny and antisemitism.

This collection of essays, many translated into English for the first time, examines Weininger's influence and reception in Western culture, particularly his impact on important writers such as Ludwig Wittgenstein, Sigmund Freud, Franz Kafka, and James Joyce. One essay considers the ways Weininger's ideas were used to further Nazi ideology, and several offer feminist approaches to interpreting the intersection of antisemitism and misogyny. The concluding essay explores Weininger's surprising role in Israel's ongoing sociopolitical self-definition through the bold production of Joshua Sobol's play, "The Soul of a Jew (Weininger's Last Night)."

This volume 's close examination of Weininger's ideas, and their subsequent appearance in other well-known texts, suggests how the legacies of prejudice affect Western culture today.

Customer Reviews:

mainly a retrospective.......2007-03-02

The subject of this book, Otto Weininger, played a minor but disturbing and uneasy role in the early twentieth century. A self-hating Jew, whose diatribes excited much comment when they were published. His derogatory remarks about women and Jews, and his attempt to associate these remarks together invoked much countering a century ago.

Perhaps the most interesting section concerns Freud's response to Weininger's claims, in the field of psychoanalysis. Most of the chapters cover replies that were originally published in French and German, probably rendering them inaccessible to the English-only reader.

Luckily, most of the controversies have now been settled. The book is mainly a retrospective.

Otto Weininger: Sex, Science, and Self in Imperial Vienna (The Chicago Series on Sexuality, History, and Society)

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Still unaccounted for...
chandak sengoopta's otto weininger, a critique

Otto Weininger: Sex, Science, and Self in Imperial Vienna (The Chicago Series on Sexuality, History, and Society)
Chandak Sengoopta
Manufacturer: University Of Chicago Press
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Binding: Hardcover

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Jews and Gender: Responses to Otto Weininger

ASIN: 0226748677

Book Description

Turn-of-the century Vienna is remembered as an aesthetic, erotic, and intellectual world: the birthplace of Freud and psychoanalysis, the waltz, and novels of Schnitzler. The contexts of this cultural vibrancy, Chandak Sengoopta argues, were darker and more complex than we might imagine.

This provocative, enlightening study explores the milieu in which the philosopher Otto Weininger (1880-1903) wrote his controversial book Sex and Character. Shortly after its publication, Weininger committed suicide at the age of twenty-three. His book, which argued that women and Jews were mere sexual beings who lacked individuality, became a bestseller.

Hailed as a genius by intellectuals such as Ludwig Wittgenstein and Karl Kraus, Weininger was admired, not for his prejudices, but for his engagement with the central issues of the time--the nature and meanings of identity. Sengoopta pays particular attention to how Weininger appropriated scientific language and data to defend his views and examines the scientific theories themselves.

Customer Reviews:

Still unaccounted for..........2002-07-07

"The genius is not the product of his age, is not to be explained by it, and we do him no honour if we attempt to account for him by it." -- Otto Weininger, Sex and Character, Part II, Chap 5.

...but explain him by his age is exactly what Sengoopta tries to do for Weininger. The book helps to situate Weininger in the scientific millieu of his time, as the Harrowitz and Hyams collection (-Jews and Gender: Responses to Otto Weininger-) earlier tried to do against a literary backdrop, and though we are grateful for these efforts, both fail to come terms with the seriousness of Weininger's philosophy. They repeat many of the usual dismissive assessments, either by trying to explain him as an unpleasant social phenomenon or personal pathology. We are still waiting for a genuinely philosophical exposition of Weininger's importance to moral philosophy in general and gender-based moral theories, in particular. We strongly suspect, for example, that radical feminism will one day discover a curious allegiance with Weininger. (Janik's -Essays on Wittgenstein and Weininger- in places, however, hints in a more thoughtful direction.)

chandak sengoopta's otto weininger, a critique.......2001-04-19

dr. sengoopta's well researched book is the strange story of otto weininger, a jew, who wrote a treatise that 'proved' women and jews did not possess a rational and moral self; that they did not deserve or need equality, not to mention liberty, that only male aryans should be in charge of society. imagine a jew that hitler called 'wise'(though it is doubtful he ever read him) a jew that was throughly discredited following world war two as a racist and misogynist. then why read him? dr. sengoopta not only gives the reasons weininger is important in the understanding of ideas current in his time, but how to read him. afterall, this strange little man influenced (though not persuaded) freud, kafka, ludwig wittgenstein, the racist politics of vienna's mayor, karl leuger as well as literary figures such as james joyce and ford maddox ford, probably his most important contribution. his dramatic suicide, in beethoven's home, no less, made him the era's 'tragic genius'.(a concept karl kraus, the jewish critic, concurred). afterall, this was the age of arthur schnitzler (THE ROAD TO THE OPEN) when jewish intellectuals were attempting to find a role in viennese culture. for weininger it was an attempt to become GERMAN (he loved wagner)-the extreme path to the open. by becoming a protestant he would not only reject multicultural austria but become more german than the most ardent pan german. his only book, SEX AND CHARACTER, was his phd dissertation-an attempt to analyze the differences between men and women by the use of biology,science, psychology and humanistic social reform. a fanatic follower of kant, weininger believed only aryan men possessed a hyperemperical soul while desiring to resolve the woman question by redefining hysteria and devaluing motherhood. in his attack on women and modernism weininger saw the jews as the symbol of mammon, modernism and the feminization of culture. weininger's ideal society was a sterile dystopia where women would lose their sexuality and deserve to be politically equal...of course the human race would die out, but in pure kantian thought this minor difficulty would not matter, for weininger believed that sexual desire-and feminine beauty is only a creation of man's love-forces man to degenerate. the only true love is plutonic in the tradition of dante's beatrice. one of the more enlightened aspects of weininger is his belief in universal bisexuality, "sexual intermediacy", that is to say, all humans are a mixture of the masculine and the feminine in differing degrees. however, the most gifted woman can only be 50% masculine, thus inferior to the most effeminate male. weininger even proposed a mathematical formula to achieve the perfect conjunction. yes,even he realized that despite his ideal society males WOULD seek out women and mate...one could only hope to achieve the most satisfactory results through science. most of weininger's thought is absurb if not discusting to modern readers. Little gems such as 'all women are amoral',"are logically insane', "men have better memories","women can not differenate between feeling and thought", that they have no soul,and on and 0n AD NAUSEAM. perhaps even more repulsive is his racist ideas. naturally he swallowed houston chamberlain, artur de gobineau, wagner and schopenhauers antisemetic drivel and adapted it to his treatise. was this self-hatred? not according to dr. sengoopta, sengoopta believes since weininger's father was antisemetic that it is doubtful weininger had any jewish idenity to start with. weak in some areas but well read in the science of his day, weininger's book is a melange of science, biology, philosophy, cultural politics and personal anxiety. ironically, despite his contempt for women in the reproduction of the species woman is supreme. even weininger recognized bachofen's dictim: "the father is always a juristic fiction, whereas motherhood is a physical fact". with all his intellectual twists and turns weininger could never explain away woman's power over life, men and creativity.

The Clinical Psychology of Melanie Klein

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The Clinical Psychology of Melanie Klein
Otto Weininger
Manufacturer: Charles C Thomas Pub Ltd
ProductGroup: Book
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Das verfluchte Geschlecht: Motive der Philosophie Otto Weiningers im Werk Georg Trakls (Literarhistorische Untersuchungen)

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Das verfluchte Geschlecht: Motive der Philosophie Otto Weiningers im Werk Georg Trakls (Literarhistorische Untersuchungen)
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Impuritans: A Glipmse of That New World Whose Pilgrim Fathers Are Otto Weininger, Havelock Ellis, J

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Impuritans: A Glipmse of That New World Whose Pilgrim Fathers Are Otto Weininger, Havelock Ellis, J
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